Friday, December 13, 2013

2013 CFAR grant recipients


Announcing the 2013 Capita Foundation Auditory Research Grant Recipients


Alain Dabdoub, Ph.D.
University of Toronto
 
Project:  “Induction of Cochlear Neurons by Defined Transcription Factors”
Auditory neurons (AN’s) play a critical role in hearing as they transmit sound information from the inner ear to the brain and their progressive degeneration is associated with disease conditions, excessive noise and aging.  AN’s are like most neurons in the brain, they lack the ability to regenerate.  Therefore, the loss of these cells leads to permanent hearing impairment and methods for inducing neuron replacement and regeneration have yet to be fully developed.


Daniel Bendor, Ph.D.
University College London

 

Project:  “Optimizing the Encoding of Temporal Information in an Auditory Cortical Prosthetic”

James Simmons, Ph.D.
Brown University
 
Project:  “A Novel Biological Model for Protection from Noise-Induced Hearing Loss”
Bats live in close proximity to lots of other bats, and they regularly undergo prolonged exposure to intense sound at 80-110 dB SPL.  We found that big brown bats do not experience temporary or permanent threshold shifts (TTS, PTS) after exposure to intense noise at levels and durations that cause massive hearing losses in other mammals like humans, monkeys, cats, mice, and gerbils.  Can brown bats prove to be useful in providing a key to successful noise protection in humans? 
Kazuaki Homma, Ph.D.
Northwestern University
 
Project: “Investigating Prestin’s Role in Outer Hair Cell Survival”
The objective of this study is to investigate how prestin contributes to survival of outer hair cells, the outcome of which could allow development of a novel strategy to reduce hearing impairment.
 
Lina Reiss, Ph.D.
Oregon Health & Science University
 
Project:  “Effects of Changing Frequency-to-Electrode Maps on Electrode Pitch Plasticity and Discrimination with Cochlear Implants”
Our laboratory recently demonstrated that pitch perceived through a cochlear implant (CI) can change over time by as much as 2-3 octaves, and that these changes depend on how the CI is programmed.  We hypothesize that a novel method of CI programming will lead to increased pitch differences between electrodes, and that this increased pitch separation will improve both electrode discrimination and speech perception in noise.

Marc Bassim, Ph.D.
American University of Beirut – Medical Center 

Project:  “Congenital Hearing Loss in the Middle East Area: Generating Patient-Specific iPS
The purpose of this project is to model the pathological processes of Congenital Hearing Loss in vitro. This will be done through establishing iPS cells from patients with Congenital Hearing Loss belonging to a highly consanguineous population and inducing their differentiation into sensorineural cells.

Friday, September 13, 2013

Lasker Foundation Awards for Innovative Hearing Discoveries

Congratulations to Dr. Graeme M. Clark of the University of Melbourne in Australia, Dr. Ingeborg Hochmair of Med-El in Innsbruck, Austria, and Blake S. Wilson of Duke University in North Carolina for their work in developing the modern cochlear implant.  

The Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation recognized these fearless scientists with awards, often termed “American Nobels”, in the category of Clinical Medical Research totaling $250,000. The scientists’ cochlear devices use electrical stimuli to bypass damaged hair cells and directly stimulate the main auditory nerve that conveys messages to the brain for processing as hearing. Hearing has been restored through their efforts, despite public skepticism along the way.


Dr. Graeme M. Clark
Dr. Ingeborg Hochmair

Blake S. Wilson

Thursday, July 18, 2013

Playhouse Reteams New York Cast for 'Tribes'


Published June 22, 2013 UT-San Diego

When Nina Raine’s 2010 drama “Tribes” opens at La Jolla Playhouse this week, it will feature the same director and cast from its off-Broadway premiere last year. n Leading the cast is Russell Harvard, a Texas-bred actor who stars as Billy, a deaf son in an intellectual British family who battle for attention over the dinner table. Billy does his best to keep up with his family’s verbal sparring by lip-reading, but he’s isolated from the world until he finds a home in a new tribe — the deaf community.

Harvard, 32, won a 2012 Theatre World Award for his performance as Billy in New York, and he recently reprised the role at the Mark Taper Forum in L.A. His film credits include playing the adult deaf son of Daniel Day-Lewis’ character in 2007’s “There Will Be Blood” and deaf mixed martial arts fighter Matt Hamill in 2010s “The Hammer.”

Harvard is one of two deaf sons born to deaf parents. He communicates by sign language, but with hearing aids he can hear music and stage commands. In a recent email interview from his home in New York, Harvard talked about his life, his career and “Tribes.”

Q: The play “Tribes” relates to the different societal groupings that occur between the hearing and deaf worlds. But are there different tribes within the deaf community, and do you belong to a specific tribe?

A: Yes I do. In my experience, there are two main tribes. My family comes from a “D” or Deaf family. We’re like an everyday family with just the language of American Sign Language, culture and arts. There’s the “d” deaf that consists of deaf and hard-of-hearing people that does or doesn’t use the language and isn’t just involved in the (deaf) community.

Q: Tell me about your childhood.

A: I was born in Pasadena, Texas, in the backyard of my grandmother’s guesthouse. I come from a third-generation Deaf family. We moved to Austin when I was about a year old. During my childhood, my parents, brother and I communicated in American Sign Language. Difficulty only existed when my brother and I fought, almost about everything.

Q: Did you ever feel the sense of isolation like Billy does in the play?

A: I have, at times. Not all my hearing friends know ASL. There was a time when my hearing friend who knows how to sign would forget to interpret for me when we were in a big group of friends just chatting the night away. Then I’m lost in translation, which sometimes leads to paranoia. Then I think I shouldn’t even be here. It gets frustrating and hurtful when some friends don’t realize they aren’t accommodating me in the conversation. At the same time, I understand that there’s a learning curve and try to see it from their perspective. I have family members and friends who feel the same way being isolated. I’ve also heard that CODAs (children of deaf adults), who are born to deaf parents and have deaf brothers or sisters, sometimes feel left out because no one voices in the family and they get left out.

Q: How accurately does the play reflect real life for the deaf or hearing-impaired?

A: It’s accurate, yes. Billy was well portrayed as a deaf character, and the information about the deaf community was precise. My brother in the show, “Daniel,” and his psychological issues were honest because the family in “Tribes” captures the essence of Nina Raine’s family.

Q: Some of the roles you’ve played in films focus on your isolation from the hearing world. Do you think this is reflective of the reality of being deaf in a hearing world, or is this the perceived reality that hearing playwrights and screenwriters write for deaf characters?

A: I think screenwriters who write characters in fictional screenplays … portray a perceived reality with knowledge they received or researched about being deaf. They could be close to the reflective reality. However, nonfictional movies such as “Dummy Hoy” or “The Hammer,” for instance, are more reflective of the reality.

Q: Tell me about the experience with “Tribes” and working with director David Cromer.

A: It’s a wild ride I’ve been on, I have to say. I am fortunate to be working with a talented and incredible team of actors, directors and crews of “Tribes.” I am humbly blessed and proud of how far we’ve come. David is and always will be brilliant. He has these tremendous values and beliefs for the art of theater. He finds the truth in this production. I am very lucky to be working with him at La Jolla Playhouse, and I would work for him again in a heartbeat.

Q: What have your audiences been like for “Tribes”?

A: Not once have I heard bad things about this play. Occasionally someone from the deaf audience said they wish the whole play was subtitled on stage and not captioned offstage. They loved the idea of seeing the texts in the show so they don’t lose focus by looking at the caption and not at the actors. A hearing woman in New York City came to me after the matinee show and said, “I felt like I was in the show, like I was a part of the family. The mom and dad — how dare they neglect their children.”

Q: Tell me about the hurdles you’ve faced as a deaf actor.

A: I hate to say deafness is a factor. I really hope it isn’t. It shouldn’t be. I’ve said this before, but we do need fearless writers to write more roles for actors who happened to be deaf. Another factor would be my height. I’ve been told I’m too tall for roles I’ve auditioned for. I scored one on Fox Television’s “Fringe,” but the other one I didn’t. This (one) artistic director told me I should chop off parts of my legs for the role of Pippin.

Q: What are some dream roles on your bucket list?

A: I’ve got some crazy ideas, like competing on “Wipeout” or having a deaf tribe in “The Walking Dead.” I would love to play a creature on one of Syfy network’s television shows — “American Horror Story” and “Being Human” among my favorite television shows. A main or recurring role would be exciting. I hope to take motorcycle lessons after this show, and I am considering attending a school of bartending. I’ve been researching about a well-known deaf man who has saved more than 930 lives. I hope to make a movie about his life.

pam.kragen@utsandiego.com

Monday, July 15, 2013

Why We Hear Music the Way We Do



The magnificent Vi Hart — mathemusician extraordinaire, who has previously stop-motion-doodled our way to understanding such mysteries as space-time, Möbius strips, Fibonacci numbers, and the science of sound, frequency, and pitch — is back with another gem, this time illuminating Stravinsky’s atonal composition for Edward Lear’s classic nonsense poem, “The Owl and the Pussycat.” Stravinsky actually borrowed the basis for his composition from the 12-tone technique Arnold Schoenberg invented, which Hart explains as well. Enjoy, and keep an eye open for Hart’s delightful sideways sleight against the brokenness of copyright law, one that would’ve actually left Stravinsky particularly miffed.

Monday, June 17, 2013

Article: Why Music Makes our Brain Sing


Published June 7, 2013 in the NY Times JThe New York Times
By ROBERT J. ZATORRE and VALORIE N. SALIMPOOR

MUSIC is not tangible. You can’t eat it, drink it or mate with it. It doesn’t protect against the rain, wind or cold. It doesn’t vanquish predators or mend broken bones. And yet humans have always prized music — or well beyond prized, loved it.

In the modern age we spend great sums of money to attend concerts, download music files, play instruments and listen to our favorite artists whether we’re in a subway or salon. But even in Paleolithic times, people invested significant time and effort to create music, as the discovery of flutes carved from animal bones would suggest.

So why does this thingless “thing” — at its core, a mere sequence of sounds — hold such potentially enormous intrinsic value?

The quick and easy explanation is that music brings a unique pleasure to humans. Of course, that still leaves the question of why. But for that, neuroscience is starting to provide some answers.

More than a decade ago, our research team used brain imaging to show that music that people described as highly emotional engaged the reward system deep in their brains — activating subcortical nuclei known to be important in reward, motivation and emotion. Subsequently we found that listening to what might be called “peak emotional moments” in music — that moment when you feel a “chill” of pleasure to a musical passage — causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, an essential signaling molecule in the brain.

When pleasurable music is heard, dopamine is released in the striatum — an ancient part of the brain found in other vertebrates as well — which is known to respond to naturally rewarding stimuli like food and sex and which is artificially targeted by drugs like cocaine and amphetamine.

The idea that reward is partly related to anticipation (or the prediction of a desired outcome) has a long history in neuroscience. Making good predictions about the outcome of one’s actions would seem to be essential in the context of survival, after all. And dopamine neurons, both in humans and other animals, play a role in recording which of our predictions turn out to be correct. Read full article here.



Friday, June 7, 2013

Field Trip to Copley Symphony Hall



With the support of the San Diego Symphony and Capita Foundation, 200 students and families from Maryland Avenue Elementary School in La Mesa were given tickets and transportation to the world famous Romero Royal Family of Guitars along with the Orchestra on May 16, 2013.

Monday, May 20, 2013

Article: Imaginary Prizes Take Aim at Real Problems

By J. PEDER ZANE
Published: November 8, 2012 New York Times


IMAGINE putting up a prize of $20 million to inspire others to solve a particular problem. What would your challenge be?

Some of the world’s leading companies, including Google, Qualcomm and Nokia, have sponsored big-money contests challenging competitors around the world to design a host of wonders, including robots that can explore the moon, superefficient electric vehiclesand more accurate methods for sequencing the human genome. The online movie streaming company Netflix awarded $1 million to a winning team of outsiders that helped it develop better ways to predict which films its customers would like.

Carol Padden, 2010 Fellow

CHALLENGE Use crowdsourcing to help the hearing-impaired
The paradox of America’s economy is that while it is hard for many people to find one paying job, almost everybody has several they do free. We are bank tellers when we use the A.T.M., airline employees when we check ourselves in for flights and cashiers when we scan our items at the supermarket.

And we work on the cutting edge of technology, helping Google and Apple refine their voice recognition software each time we ask our phones to name the capital of Burkina Faso (it’s Ouagadougou) and follow up by asking, “How the heck do you pronounce that?”

Carol Padden, who is deaf and teaches communication at the University of California, San Diego, said she wanted to enlist volunteers to crowdsource a labor-intensive service: captioning video for the deaf and hard of hearing. Her $20 million prize would reward the person or team who devised an effective method to tap the power of the Internet to caption videos. She said this could involve “breaking down a video segment into very short one-minute clips which are sent out in the universe to be captioned by anyone. The short clips would be recombined to produce a captioned version of the original segment.”

Like many efforts initially aimed at helping those with disabilities, Ms. Padden noted that the project would almost certainly have broader benefits. Parents pushing strollers, she noted, are grateful for the curb cuts created for people in wheelchairs, just as patrons watching “Monday Night Football” in noisy bars count on closed captions to see what the announcers are saying.